Understanding Hemangiosarcoma in Dogs: Prognosis and Treatment Options

Hemangiosarcoma is an aggressive, invasive cancer that affects dogs, particularly those in older age. This cancer often carries a poor prognosis due to its high rate of metastasis (spread to other organs) and its challenging treatment pathway. Here, we’ll explore the different types of hemangiosarcoma, their prognosis, and the treatment options that can support a dog’s quality of life.

Types of Hemangiosarcoma and Prognosis

1. Splenic Hemangiosarcoma
   This form of hemangiosarcoma is found in the spleen and is one of the most aggressive types. Dogs with splenic hemangiosarcoma often face a limited prognosis, especially without treatment. For dogs that undergo only splenic removal surgery, life expectancy typically ranges between 2 weeks and 3 months. However, if chemotherapy is added, survival time may extend to around 9 months. Unfortunately, fewer than 10% of dogs survive beyond one year after diagnosis, even with combined treatments.

2. Cardiac Hemangiosarcoma
   Cardiac hemangiosarcoma, which forms in the heart, presents one of the gravest challenges. This cancer is generally considered incurable and is managed through palliative care to alleviate symptoms and maintain comfort. Dogs with cardiac hemangiosarcoma may experience fatal arrhythmias. Without treatment, dogs typically survive only days to a couple of weeks, but chemotherapy may extend their life up to 4 months in some cases.

3. Cutaneous/Subcutaneous Hemangiosarcoma
   Cutaneous (skin) and subcutaneous (under the skin) hemangiosarcomas have better outcomes than other forms. Cutaneous hemangiosarcomas, particularly those caused by prolonged UV exposure, have a low risk of metastasis. When treated with timely removal, dogs can often survive for several years. However, vigilance is essential, as tumors can recur and should be promptly addressed. Subcutaneous hemangiosarcoma, on the other hand, has a more serious prognosis, as it tends to invade deeper skin and muscle layers. For these cases, life expectancy is typically measured in months.

Treatment Options and Follow-Up Care

Treatment for hemangiosarcoma in dogs may include a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and, in some cases, radiation therapy. Dogs receiving treatment require frequent follow-up appointments, blood tests, and imaging to monitor for signs of tumor growth or metastasis.

• Surgery
  Surgery is often the first line of treatment to remove the tumor. For splenic hemangiosarcoma, this involves removing the spleen, which may extend survival when combined with chemotherapy.

• Chemotherapy
  Chemotherapy is used to slow tumor progression and manage symptoms, especially for splenic and cardiac hemangiosarcoma cases. It can extend life expectancy but requires close monitoring due to its side effects.

• Radiation Therapy
  Radiation therapy is occasionally used to manage cutaneous or subcutaneous hemangiosarcomas, particularly if they recur. This can be effective in prolonging survival for these forms of the cancer.

Supporting Quality of Life for Dogs with Hemangiosarcoma

While hemangiosarcoma remains a challenging diagnosis, maintaining a dog’s quality of life is essential. Palliative care, dietary support, and regular veterinary check-ups all contribute to making the dog as comfortable as possible during treatment. Pet owners should be observant of any changes in their dog’s health and promptly consult their veterinarian.