Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a significant concern in veterinary oncology, particularly due to its prevalence as one of the most common malignant oral tumors in dogs. This aggressive cancer accounts for roughly 20% to 30% of all canine oral tumors, second only to malignant melanoma. As dogs age, their risk of developing SCC increases, with the average affected age being between 8 and 10 years. Interestingly, large breed dogs appear to be more susceptible to this type of cancer.
Recognizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs
One of the defining features of squamous cell carcinoma is its appearance within the oral cavity. These tumors often manifest as irregular, wart-like growths that can be found in various locations, including the incisors, lower jaw’s premolars, upper jaw’s molars, and occasionally on the tongue or tonsils. The presence of these growths can lead to discomfort, difficulty eating, and other oral health issues, making early detection vital for maintaining a dog’s quality of life.
A particularly troubling aspect of SCC is its propensity for local invasion, especially into the bones surrounding the oral cavity. At diagnosis, a significant percentage of cases—up to 77%—show evidence of bone involvement, which can complicate treatment options and worsen the prognosis. While lymph node involvement is less common, occurring in less than 10% of cases, it remains a critical factor in assessing the extent of the disease.
Metastasis and Prognosis of Canine SCC
Squamous cell carcinoma’s behavior can vary depending on its location within the mouth. Tumors situated at the base of the tongue or within the tonsils are more likely to metastasize to nearby lymph nodes and, in some cases, the lungs. This potential for metastasis emphasizes the need for early and aggressive treatment, which may include surgery, radiation, and other therapeutic interventions.
However, not all SCC cases are equally severe. A particular variant known as papillary squamous cell carcinoma, typically seen in younger dogs, tends to be less aggressive. Although this variant may invade surrounding tissues, it rarely metastasizes, providing a more favorable outlook for affected dogs.
Key Takeaways
Understanding the nuances of squamous cell carcinoma in dogs is essential for pet owners and veterinarians alike. Regular oral examinations, especially for senior and large-breed dogs, can aid in the early detection of this potentially devastating disease. By recognizing the signs and seeking prompt treatment, it is possible to manage SCC more effectively, improving the quality of life for affected dogs.