Cancer is unfortunately prevalent in dogs, just as it is in humans. Various types of cancer can affect our canine companions, with some forms being more severe and aggressive than others. This article explores the common cancers in dogs, emphasizing the importance of regular health checks and timely treatments.
1. Lymphoma
Lymphoma is one of the most common types of cancer in dogs, affecting the lymphatic system. It often results in the enlargement of one or more lymph nodes throughout the body and can also impact the eyes and internal organs. Certain breeds like Bernese Mountain Dogs, Boxers, Bullmastiffs, Gordon Setters, and Scottish Terriers are genetically predisposed to this cancer. Lymphoma typically responds well to chemotherapy, which usually involves weekly treatments over a six-month period. Many dogs experience remission and maintain a good quality of life during treatment.
2. Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma, the most prevalent bone cancer in dogs, typically starts in the long bones of the limbs but can affect any bone. This aggressive cancer often spreads rapidly, especially to the lungs, lymph nodes, and other bones. Treatment generally involves amputation followed by chemotherapy. In some cases, radiation therapy may also be recommended. Despite treatment, most dogs do not survive more than two years after diagnosis.
3. Hemangiosarcoma
This cancer affects the lining of blood vessels and often occurs in the spleen, heart, or liver but can also appear on the skin. Hemangiosarcoma is aggressive and may not be detectable until a tumor ruptures, causing severe bleeding. Emergency surgery is required to stop the bleeding. Unfortunately, many dogs are already in advanced stages at diagnosis. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor followed by chemotherapy, if possible.
4. Mast Cell Tumors
Mast cell tumors are among the most common skin cancers in dogs but can occur elsewhere in the body. They usually appear as skin lumps that, despite being cancerous, might look harmless to the naked eye. It is crucial for any skin growth on a dog to be examined by a veterinarian. A fine-needle aspiration can be performed to collect cells from the growth, and a pathologist can analyze whether the cells are malignant. Surgery is necessary to remove mast cell tumors, and depending on the grade, extent of removal, and whether the cancer has spread, follow-up chemotherapy and/or radiation may be required.
5. Melanoma
Melanoma is related to melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells, and can affect any part of the body but is most commonly found in the dog's mouth. It often appears as a dark pigmented growth but can also be pink. Any new growth should be examined by a veterinarian. Treatment typically starts with surgical removal of the tumor, followed by chemotherapy and/or radiation. Some dogs with melanoma might be eligible for a melanoma vaccine to prevent recurrence.
6. Mammary Cancer
Mammary cancer is relatively common in dogs, with most tumors being cancerous. They start as lumps near a dog’s nipples and can lead to a “chain” of tumors along the mammary glands. Veterinary diagnosis often involves a fine-needle aspiration to collect tissue samples from the tumor. Treatment almost always starts with surgical removal of the tumor and affected mammary glands. Spaying your dog significantly reduces the risk of mammary cancer.
7. Transitional Cell Carcinoma
This common cancer typically affects a dog's bladder and urethra, causing difficulties in urination or bloody urine. It’s crucial to have any urinary issues checked by a veterinarian. Transitional cell carcinoma is usually not treatable by surgery alone as these tumors often occur in a part of the bladder that cannot be completely removed. Subsequent treatment often involves medication like piroxicam or chemotherapy.
Understanding these common cancers in dogs highlights the importance of regular veterinary check-ups and early intervention. With prompt and appropriate treatment, many dogs can lead comfortable lives, even after a cancer diagnosis.