Mammary tumors are a significant health concern in older cats, representing about 17% of all tumors in female cats and ranking as the third most common type of feline tumor. As the population of elderly cats in domestic environments increases, the incidence of mammary tumors in cats is also rising.
High-Risk Breeds
Domestic shorthairs and Siamese cats are particularly susceptible to mammary tumors. Siamese cats, for instance, have been found to have twice the incidence rate compared to other breeds.
Early Detection
Mammary tumors in cats can often be detected early by attentive owners, as these tumors typically form hard lumps in the mammary glands, which are normally small and flat unless the cat is nursing. Routine activities such as bathing, grooming, or playing can provide opportunities to spot these lumps early on.
Causes and Clinical Signs
The exact causes of feline mammary tumors are not fully understood, but they are believed to be linked to the use of progesterone or similar drugs, with a lesser association with estrogen. This highlights the importance of cautious use of these medications clinically. Symptoms vary with the tumor's size, location, whether it is benign or malignant, and if it has metastasized. Initially, cats may show no visible symptoms, but as tumors grow, they may lose weight despite a normal appetite.
Tumors may present as hard, nodular swellings that are not necessarily adherent to the abdominal wall. About 60% of affected cats will have multiple mammary glands involved, and in about one-third of cases, tumors can appear bilaterally. In some cases, the nipples may become red, swollen, and may secrete a brownish or yellowish fluid. Advanced tumors may ulcerate and cause the cat to persistently lick the area, potentially leading to fever and decreased appetite.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis of mammary tumors in cats generally starts with clinical signs, but further examinations are necessary for a definitive diagnosis. It's important to differentiate these tumors from other conditions like mammary hyperplasia, mastitis, or cysts. A biopsy is essential to determine whether the tumor is benign or malignant. Treatment typically involves early surgical removal of the tumor followed by histopathological examination. Pre-surgical evaluations may include X-rays and blood tests to check for metastasis and overall health to minimize surgical risks and guide post-operative care. For malignant tumors, chemotherapy might be necessary post-surgery.
Prevention
Spaying female cats before their first heat can significantly reduce the risk of mammary tumors. Research suggests that spayed cats are about seven times less likely to develop mammary tumors than unspayed cats. Early spaying involves removing both the ovaries and the uterus, which is the most effective preventive measure against mammary tumors in cats.
In summary, early detection and treatment are crucial for managing feline mammary tumors. Regular veterinary check-ups and being vigilant about any changes in your cat's mammary glands can lead to early intervention and a better prognosis. Spaying female cats not only helps prevent unwanted litters but also significantly reduces the risk of developing mammary tumors.